the leader
  i heard that leader is having 1000 men back person ....this is wrong !
 in my view  a leader is greedy person ..yeah   i will tell u  ....greedy thing show in there work nd he thinks that all the matters must reach to there followers this leads to goal   !!
 every time he must think abt negitive way becoz   a negitive way teach the how it came ...finally it leads to positive !!   a leader must not  go in one way ...he must think all the thoughts ..means u must kno all the views of all the people
 a leader must think a lie becoz he i'll get abt the truth !!
a leader must see back than he can jump more forward
a leader dose not have any goal but he must have the sound of the goals
one main think that a leader must not think he is a leader !!  he is common man in the socity nd he never fell hard nd pain while doing his work ... leader leader leader leader   selute it !! leader

 dont follow the leader just go behind him !! thats all !! jai hind !!!

today i just the machination of body ..its wonder nd i got the thought that y we r born nd y we r producing nd y we r dieing nd our remembers, thoughts , our album after death where there r going ..its waste of use .. y this happening ?? this process like coming nd going restless !!
 once i got that no one are humans in this world except me !! i think my mind is going some where !!
i feel that i am the person in the whole world nd i want to shift the modes like one day me nd another day one more person ..wat is doing now  wat is going on his life ??? y we cant change the characters we seen in games nd and movies ..one day i we feel that i across the this state in dreams !! y iam getting in my dreams !! my dreams r future tellers ha ?? i kno this all stupid but its happen to all of them !!
just remember that we a connect to some unkno sources ...we r one unity ! once think abt the birth nd death !! i am not understanding this at all !!     

first they came for the communists
and i didn't speak up,
because i wasn't a communist .

then they came for the jews
and didn't speak up,
becouse i wasnt a jew

then they come for the catholics
and i didn't speak up,
because i was a protestant

then they came for me
but by that time was no one
left to speak up for any one ..
martin niemoller

every student want to become some thing nd their hopes clearly to there goals !!

but every student is not interest in all subject although they views r kept in right way but they never get anything !!
now a days Indian education so good that ever seen in the world but the worst is teaching !!
how stupids r they !!

they r trying to mug up all the things in text book
in my IPE college my SIR evenly they explain in exam point of view !! wat is the use of this !!
we r trying to upload the data in to brain ....in exam we r putting !!!
wats they r trying to all student ...
likely my friend brother is a topper in all exam nd good well ranker in all.. finely he got job nd he got a pen drive heeee ..that guy asking wat is this ?? how it is useful to us ?? heeeeee!!! wow its wonderful !!
he dont kno the world nd he not a achiever person !!
wat is the use to get in topper nd i think he must get a award of mug up nd

u kno wisdom nd knowledge is lot of different between them
so my way is while learning the things think abt y it came .
plez dont mug up its pressuring ur brain !!
u r view must clear stuck in middle its very hard than who dont kno anything !!

why we r in the earth !!

soonly i will come to topic any body can have there experience wit out .........


ok than................ my life is started as like as wake up nd than running across the time till i went to bed ..i dont kno this is life ..wat is this stupid in we r in not in race.we got one chance to get in the world we dont kno abt the rebirth nd we r not a super man hmm!! to live long life. go go think like we r unique ..dont be foolish by r u self running across same bore life . be in different way so this way must be a way of leader !! search a platform where u r prefect nd go on u r life ..my platform is scientist so i will rule on that platform !! wat abt U ?? u must kno that r u doing right now think abt y it came ..dont follow the way just find out how it come over ur a unique nd soonly excellence will kick u back !!!! i dont belive in practice make man perfect . it is same like feeding things in to ur brain ...just understand the topic nd think abt y it came ?? ..for wat it came ?? nd y we r using that ?? just put ur brain on that ..we r not a computer .it must be operate some one kno .. y we r so too !! see guys ur platform must search u r self ....!! once feel about small relation ship it will never get again nd just do wat mind seeks to do !!

I do the very best I know how - the very best I can; and I mean to keep on doing so until the end.......Abraham Lincoln .

ring ring ring..... i oped my drozi eyes ..nd i stop the alarm ..its was just 5 am ....again i went my way ..after 10 mim i oped my eyes it was totaly dark ..i froced to wake early ..nd i want to my bathroom all the matter its over at 6 am ..again m late . to college .let it be ..sir may i coming sir .......but my sir didnt told any thing ..he kno very much abt me .!!
.the class was stated with drozi nd dreamy way ...i sat at back sir was explaining the concept of radiation ..its awesome !! i luv phy !! so interestedly i went face to it ....................

radiation ..it is the mode of transmission of heat through vaccum ..it will travel with out any medium it propagates electric nd magnetic together wit perpendicular each other !!! see this ..fig
almost it is acts as a light way .
EMISSION POWER ( e ) : it is the amount of energy emitted per unit area of the body . e = Q/AT units = J/m2 S

if this energy is incidence to any body its will tranfor to 3 ways

absorption , reflection transmission


In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is the way by which the energy of a photon is taken up by matter, typically the electrons of an atom. Thus, the electromagnetic energy is transformed to other forms of energy, for example, to heat. The absorption of light during wave propagation is often called attenuation. Usually, the absorption of waves does not depend on their intensity (linear absorption), although in certain conditions (usually, in optics), the medium changes its transparency dependently on the intensity of waves going through, and the Saturable absorption (or nonlinear absorption) occurs.

Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. Common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves. The law of reflection says that for specular reflection the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected. Mirrors exhibit specular reflection.

In acoustics, reflection causes echoes and is used in sonar. In geology, it is important in the study of seismic waves. Reflection is observed with surface waves in bodies of water. Reflection is observed with many types of electromagnetic wave, besides visible light. Reflection of VHF and higher frequencies is important for radio transmission and for radar. Even hard X-rays and gamma rays can be reflected at shallow angles with special "grazing" mirrors. .....

my sir told the experiment of blackholes ..its very interesting topic in phy ...

the is room totaly closed with inside white paint becoz its will reflect all the EM waves ..nd having lit amount of air nd small bulb is kept ....nd it switched on the light flows that we kno ..wen u switch off the bulb ...wat happn to light ??? where it will go ...energy can not be distory ..but where it went ...white paint is gud reflector ..where its will go ...scientist did this for couple of year at last they fine that there is blackhole in side the room ..ya its there wen the bulb is on the light is emmited as will as they will from a small shadow above the bulb ..its acts as a blackhole ....finaly they concluded that blackhole can be created in side the room also ..any where in the earth .....!!!

blackbody its the body which totaly absorb all the radiation evn light also ..and its from blackhole !! they never came back ..normally scientist r doing evenly experiment on it ...kno the origin of the universe !!!

its as t = 0 , f = o nd a = 1

we kno that energy Q= A+F+T where absorption , reflection transmission nd a = A/Q f=F/Q t=T/Q therefore a+f+t=1

white body ..its is reverse of blackbody its will reflect all the things ..so all the color of the EM radiation will reflected so we will see like white in color than its called as white body !! \

=== today phy class is over !!

nd it is almost 7 now nd started chemistry ..this subject is boring nd i dont like it ...

it is the mistry of my subjec

we r in organic chem this is vast subjt i never had i my life till now ..but is very complicated

u must ride very perfectly in the class while handling this organic !! \
nd very in stability of radicals
i dont kno clearly abt it but i kno the simple and small where the order of the stability of radicals is
ph
ph-c-ph > ph-c-ph > ph-c>3 o >2o>c where ph is any group
c is having radical electron 1o is one prime carbon
2o is two prime carbon
3o is tri prime carbon nd
c is methyl
and than stability of anions
ph
where the order of it is ph-c-ph>ph -c-ph >ph-c>Co >1o>2o>3o
here c has anions
electrophiles means eletro means electron nd philes means lovable
its means that the e- deficient nd seeks to center which e- is rich are called e- philers
and they r Lewis base nd today my rahman sir dint ask any question to me ..heeeee!!

nd than brake f me ...f just 30 mim ..
again its started
maths class i like very much ..nd i found to be that . in maths we can chill like any thing !!
we r in complex numbers its very interesting subject ..
my mam told we r fools that ....every one is doing problems like mechanistically life wit very crazy to get the answer .. stupids they even not get means checking the answer.if it is wrong u will do the sum to get the answer till it is correct ..but kno one says that my work stud be correct kno we is confidence in there work ....so we must work through the concept it leads to finish like thats it ! u goal is prefect way !! bell rang ..shat !! bell rang very fastly its over ..some times we think some gud lecture must go on ..but bell rang na ...we stoped the class ..the time running to 11
nd i stated to my home !!

Discovering A New Earth 430 Light Years Away

Astronomers Spy Earth-like Planet Forming Around Distant Star

Astrophysicists analyzing infrared images captured by the Spitzer Space Telescope found indications of a dust cloud surrounding a relatively young star. The star is 10 to 16 million years old, and analysis of the dust cloud suggests that it may coalesce and become a rocky planet like earth. It is located at a distance from the star that it may build an atmosphere, collect liquid water, and perhaps, in millions and millions of years, support life.

It took billions of years and the perfect conditions for our Earth to grow and form. Now, those same conditions can be seen in space, shaping a similar planet. Ivanhoe explains this exciting space discovery.

Far, far away, something amazing is brewing in space. Swirling around a giant star similar to our sun, astrophysicists have spotted the very early stages of a planet taking shape.

"What we think we're seeing is the actual formation of a planet -- terrestrial planet -- a rocky planet like the Earth, around the star," Carey Lisse, Ph.D., a senior research scientist at Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Md., told Ivanhoe.

The Earth-like planet is about 430 light years away or 2.5x10¹⁵ miles from Earth. It's inside a huge dust belt -- bigger than our asteroid belt -- with enough dusty material to build a planet. "The material is forming at just the same distance, or close to the same distance where the Earth formed from the sun," Dr. Lisse says.

To find the planet, astronomers used images captured by the Spitzer Space Telescope. It looks for infrared light or heat radiating from the dusty materials. The images also confirm the rocky fragments forming the new planet are similar to materials found in the Earth's crust and core.

"So, the body that's going to form -- the planet that's going to form -- isn't going to be this gas giant with incredibly thick atmosphere," explains Dr. Lisse. It's going to be a rocky planet like Mars or Venus or the Earth."

There's also an outer ice belt circling the young planet, making it more likely that water could reach the new planet's surface … and maybe even life; but don't wait around for signs of life. The planet still needs another 100 million years before it's completely formed.

Astronomers say the star the new planet is spinning around is between ten and 16 million years old, which is the perfect age for forming Earth-like planets.

ABOUT THE SPITZER TELESCOPE: The Spitzer Space Telescope was launched on 25 August 2003. Spitzer detects the infrared energy radiated by objects in space. Most of this infrared radiation is blocked by the Earth's atmosphere and cannot be observed from the ground. Spitzer allows us to peer into regions of space that are hidden from optical telescopes.

Many areas of space are filled with vast, dense clouds of gas and dust that block our view. Infrared light, however can penetrate these clouds, allowing us to peer into regions of star formation, the centers of galaxies, and into newly forming planetary systems. Infrared also brings us information about the cooler objects in space, such as smaller stars which are too dim to be detected by their visible light, extrasolar planets, and giant molecular clouds. Also, many molecules in space, including organic molecules, have their unique signatures in the infrared.

WHAT IS INFRARED LIGHT? Infrared radiation is an invisible form of light that we usually detect as heat, like the sun shining on our face, or the warmth of a campfire. It has all the same properties as visible light: for example, it can be focused and reflected. The only difference is that it has a longer wavelength, which means we can't see it with the naked eye. Light is made of tiny particles called photons, and the wavelength tells us how fast those particles are vibrating. The shorter the wavelength, the faster the particles are moving. Shorter light waves look blue, and longer ones look red.

The wavelength of infrared light is so long that we can't see it at all. Any warm object gives off infrared radiation. By checking in the infrared spectrum, engineers can find heat leaks in buildings, doctors can find hidden tumors in the body, and biologists can locate diseased plants in a forest. Astronomers use infrared imaging to detect warm dust around new stars that are not yet "hot" enough to emit visible light.

The American Astronomical Society and the American Geophysical Union contributed to the information contained in the video portion of this report.

Canine Compulsive Disorder Gene Identified in Dogs

A canine chromosome 7 locus that confers a high risk of compulsive disorder susceptibility has been identified through a collaboration between the Behavior Service at the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, the Program in Medical Genetics at the University of Massachusetts Medical School and the Broad Institute at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The findings are published in the January 2010 edition of Molecular Psychiatry.

Obsessive compulsive disorder is characterized by time consuming, repetitive behaviors and affects about 2 percent of humans, while the equally distressing canine equivalent, canine compulsive disorder, or CCD, seems to target certain dog breeds, especially Dobermans and Bull Terriers. For over a decade, behaviorists Drs. Dodman and Moon-Fanelli, at Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine collected blood samples from carefully characterized Doberman patients exhibiting flank- and/or blanket-sucking compulsive behaviors, as well as healthy, unaffected Doberman. In 2001, Edward Ginns, PhD, MD, head of the Program in Medical Genetics at UMass Medical School, joined the effort, enabling genetic studies that culminated in the genome wide association study that began in 2007 using the canine Affymetrix genotyping array at the Broad Institute.

The chromosome 7 location most significantly associated with CCD is located within the neural cadherin-2 gene, CDH2. CDH2 is widely expressed, mediating synaptic activity-calcium flux related neuronal adhesion. Dogs showing multiple compulsive behaviors had a higher frequency of the "risk" associated DNA sequence than dogs with a less severe phenotype (60 and 43%, respectively, compared with 22% in unaffected dogs). This highly significant association of CCD with the CDH2 gene region on chromosome 7 is the first genetic locus identified for any animal compulsive disorder, and raises the intriguing possibility that CDH2 and other neuronal adhesion proteins are involved in human compulsive behaviors, including those observed in autism spectrum disorder. The neural cadherin-2 gene, CDH2, is an especially attractive candidate disease gene as it is involved in mediating presynaptic to postsynaptic neuronal junction adhesion, neuronal axon outgrowth and guidance in the central nervous system during development when critical brain nerve networks are established.

"The CDH2 gene is expressed in the hippocampus, a brain region suspected to be involved in OCD. In addition, this gene oversees structures and processes that are possibly instrumental in propagating compulsive behaviors -- for example, the formation and proper functioning of glutamate receptors," said Dr. Nicholas Dodman, professor of clinical sciences at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University and the study's lead author. Dr. Dodman added that "this finding is congruent with current evidence that NMDA blockers are effective in the treatment of OCD."

"The occurrence of repetitive behaviors and similarities in response to drug treatments in both canine CCD and human OCD suggest that common pathways are involved" said Dr. Ginns, professor of Clinical Pathology, Neurology, Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Neuroscience at UMass Medical School. Dr. Ginns is hopeful that "our finding will lead to a better understanding of the biology of compulsive disorder and facilitate development of genetic tests, enabling earlier interventions and even treatment or prevention of compulsive disorders in at-risk canines and humans." "This lead is so intriguing that we look forward to working with Dr. Dodman's group to extend our current findings to other populations." added Dr. Marzena Galdzicka, assistant professor of Clinical Pathology at UMass Medical School. Collaborations are already in progress with Dr. Dennis Murphy's group at the National Institute of Mental Health to determine the extent to which CDH2 confers risk for human OCD and autism spectrum disorders.

In All the Universe, Just 10 Percent of Solar Systems Are Like Ours

In their quest to find solar systems analogous to ours, astronomers have determined how common our solar system is.

They've concluded that about 15 percent of stars in the galaxy host systems of planets like our own, with several gas giant planets in the outer part of the solar system.

"Now we know our place in the universe," said Ohio State University astronomer Scott Gaudi. "Solar systems like our own are not rare, but we're not in the majority, either."

Gaudi reported the results of the new study at the American Astronomical Society Meeting in Washington, DC, when he accepted the Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy.

The find comes from a worldwide collaboration headquartered at Ohio State called the Microlensing Follow-Up Network (MicroFUN), which searches the sky for extrasolar planets.

MicroFUN astronomers use a method called gravitational microlensing, which occurs when one star happens to cross in front of another as seen from Earth. The nearer star magnifies the light from the more distant star like a lens. If planets are orbiting the lens star, they boost the magnification briefly as they pass by.

This method is especially good at detecting giant planets in the outer reaches of solar systems -- planets analogous to our own Jupiter.

This latest MicroFUN result is the culmination of 10 years' work -- and one sudden epiphany, explained Gaudi and Andrew Gould, professor of astronomy at Ohio State.

Ten years ago, Gaudi wrote his doctoral thesis on a method for calculating the likelihood that extrasolar planets exist. At the time, he concluded that less than 45 percent of stars could harbor a configuration similar to our own solar system.

Then, in December of 2009, Gould was examining a newly discovered planet with Cheongho Han of the Institute for Astrophysics at Chungbuk National University in Korea. The two were reviewing the range of properties among extrasolar planets discovered so far, when Gould saw a pattern.

"Basically, I realized that the answer was in Scott's thesis from 10 years ago," Gould said. "Using the last four years of MicroFUN data, we could add a few robust assumptions to his calculations, and we could now say how common planet systems are in our galaxy."

The find boils down to a statistical analysis: in the last four years, the MicroFUN survey has discovered only one solar system like our own -- a system with two gas giants resembling Jupiter and Saturn, which astronomers discovered in 2006 and reported in the journal Science in 2008.

"We've only found this one system, and we should have found about six by now -- if every star had a solar system like Earth's," Gaudi said.

The slow rate of discovery makes sense if only a small number of systems -- around 15 percent -- are like ours, they determined.

"While it is true that this initial determination is based on just one solar system and our final number could change a lot, this study shows that we can begin to make this measurement with the experiments we are doing today," Gaudi added.

As to the possibility of life as we know it existing elsewhere in the galaxy, scientists will now be able to make a rough guess based on how many solar systems are like our own.

Our solar system may be a minority, but Gould said that the outcome of the study is actually positive.

"With billions of stars out there, even narrowing the odds to 15 percent leaves a few hundred million systems that might be like ours," he said.

This research was partly funded by the National Science Foundation.

the superconductor............



In 1911 a Dutch physicist call Heike Onnes was investigating the electrical resistance of metals at very low temperatures. He cooled down Mercury down to about 4.2K (or -269°C) and discovered that the resistance appeared to disappear. This was an extremely surprising result, a bit like friction suddenly falling to zero. He called this effect superconductivity as the mercury showed perfect conductivity. He later discovered that lead superconducts at 7K (-266.2°C) and since another 20 elements have been found to superconduct if you cool them far enough.

Heike Onnes

Heike Onnes the discoverer of Superconductivity

Superconductivity remained an interesting curiosity as noone could explain it and the superconductivity broke down under quite small magnetic fields. This meant it was not useful for carrying large electric currents which produce magnetic fields, ruining the superconductivity, and cooling them would not have been practical for a long time anyway.

You would expect that a perfect conductor would have some interesting magnetic properties, because if you move a magnet near a conductor you induce a circulating current (this is how a generator works) and if there is no resistance this current will continue to flow forever. A circulating current is an electromagnet which will act against any movements by the magnet, so if you move a magnet near a superconductor it will float.

Meisner Effect

A levitating magnet over a superconductor©Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

In 1933 Meisner discovered that some superconductors were even more complex than this. As you cool them down they will start to repel a magnet even if the magnet doesn't move. So there can be no induction of currents, they just start flowing of their own accord. This spooky effect can't be explained by conventional physics so theorists had to resort to quantum mechanics.

During the 1950's the understanding of superconductors slowly got more sophisticated through the work of Landau and Ginzberg and then Bardeen, Cooper and Schriefer. They came up with a theory that explained superconductivity as being due to an interaction between the electrons and the lattice of atoms in the material. This interaction causes the electrons to be weakly attracted to one another. The electrons to form pairs (known as Cooper Pairs). Electrons are known as fermions which means no two electrons can be in the same state (the same position energy and momentum) which is why matter doesn't always collapse down under gravity to form black holes. However there is no such constraint on a pair of electrons, so all the superconducting electrons can fall into the same state. This is very closely related to a Bose-Einstein condensate, which is the same effect but for whole atoms.

In a superconductor the energy that the cooper pairs occupy occurs in the centre of a series of energies that electrons cannot exist in (think of it as being between two energy levels in an atom), this is known as the energy gap. For an electron to loose energy to electrical resistance it has to be able to change energy, because the cooper pairs are sitting in the middle of an energy gap they can't exist in any other energy, so the electrons can't loose energy hence there is zero resistance.

This theory predicted that the maximum temperature that a superconductor could function at was about 30K (-247°C). This meant that there was somewhat of a shock in 1986 when there a superconductor discovered which became superconducting at 35K and others rapidly developed at 92K (Yittrium Barium Copper Oxide) with the current record set at 138K in 1993.

All these very high critical temperature (high Tc) superconductors are ceramics based around sheets of Copper Oxide with other atoms in between the sheets. The resulting superconductivity is extremely directional which means that any junction between two crystals must be aligned correctly which is a very difficult materials science problem, and is probably the main reason that high Tc supercondutors are only starting to be used commercially 20 years after their discovery.

Unfortunately in general the higher the Tc of the superconductor the less resistant to magnetic field it is and therefore the less current it can carry. Also the more complex the superconductor the bigger the manufacturing problem. So most superconductors used are still low Tc using liquid Helium to cool them, and the more common High Tc superconductors tend to have Tc's of around 90K. This means that they superconduct well in liquid nitrogen at 77K (-196°C) which is cheap and easily available.

One of the most recent development in superconductors was they discovery that Magnesium Diboride (MgB2) superconducts at 35K, this may not sound very impressive, but it superconducts in a non-directional way like the low temperature superconductors which makes the materials science relatively easy and the temperature whilst not very high, is still twice as good as the next best Low Tc superconductor which makes cooling it at least twice as easy. So it may well be a very useful material.
What are superconductors used for?

MRI machine

Modern high field clinical MRI scanner.©KasugaHuang @ Wikimedia

If you set up a current in a loop of superconductor there is nothing to stop it and it will continue flowing forever, forming a very powerful electromagnet, that needs no maintenance other than keeping them cold. The strongest man made permanent magnetic fields are produced using superconductors.

Superconducting magnets are used in MRI (Magentic Resonance Imaging) which is a way of looking at the soft parts of the body.

They are also going to be used in the new 'Large Hadron Collider' experiment at the CERN Particle Physics Lab. The idea is to accelerate protons and antiprotons to almost the speed of light in a circle and then smash them together. To keep the particles in a circle requires huge magnetic fields which can only be provided by superconductors.

JR-Maglev

The JR-Maglev uses superconducting magnets to levitate and for propulsion.©Yosemite @ Wikimedia

It is also possible to use superconducting magnets to produce a levitating train. The idea is to put very powerful light superconducting magnets on the train, then use copper coils in the track which use repulsion to lift the train up to make it levitate. It is also possible to use the track magnets to push the train along. Because this force is not limited by friction between wheels and a track it is theoretically possible for a maglev train to go much faster and more importantly accelerate and brake faster than a conventional train. Various test maglev trains have been built, in Birmingham, Japan and Germany, although the only one used commercially is a german design built in Shanghi, which uses very strong permanent magnets instead of superconductors.

Superconducting Sensors

4 SQUIDSDue to a subtlety of the quantum mechanics of how superconductors interact with magnetic fields, it is possible to make the most sensitive magnetometers possible called SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices). These can be used to detect submarines, measure the magnetic field produced by your brain, find ore deposits deep underground, sense minute signals from stars etc.

Power Cables

An obvious use of superconductors would be to move power around, huge amounts of electrical energy are wasted just heating up power cables, and superconductors would help. However if you put alternating current through them they are no longer lossless, and it reqiures a lot of energy to cool them, so although it is possible they could be used to save energy in the long run in the short term it is more likely they will be used to save space, superconducting cables have been installed in Chicago and Copenhagen, in old cable ducts with restricted space, allowing you to get more power through the same duct, hence saving lots of money digging up the road. Similarly the US Navy is very interested in them for making small powerful electric motors to power ships with, because it is efficient to put the propellers on pods under the ship however the bigger the motor the more drag it produces, so a much smaller superconducting motor would be advantageous.

So superconductors may not be about to revolutionise the world like it looked in 1986, but they are becoming more and more useful in the modern world.